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44 BCE
Caesar Defeats Pompeians at Munda
Renewed as dictator, then as dictator for life; assassinated March 15
41 BCE–33 BCE
Second Triumvirate Among Mark Antony, Lepidus, Octavian
Antony's Parthian campaigns
33 BCE–30 BCE
Mark Antony—Octavian Civil War
Octavian victorious at Actium, 30 BCE
27 BCE–14 CE
Augustus’s (Octavian’s) Rule
Principate established, 27 BCE and 23 BCE. Advances along Rhine, renewed political stability
14 CE–38 CE
Tiberius’s Rule
Growing autocracy, secluded rule, judicial terrors
38 CE–41 CE
Caligula’s Rule
Caligula becomes increasingly mentally instable, assassinated by Praetorians
41 CE–54 CE
Claudius’s Rule
Administrative advances, frictions with Senate, conquest of Britain and Mauretania
54 CE—68 CE
Nero’s Rule
Good rule at first, then insanity; dynastic intrigues, Rome burns, Christians persecuted, Jewish Revolt begins
69 CE
The Year of Four Emperors
Legions revolt, turn on selves and state, Vespasian wins
79 CE—96 CE
Titus & Domitian
Jewish Revolt ended, increased autocracy, friction with Senate; Domitian murdered
96 CE—98 CE
Nerva
Alimenta, adoption of Trajan as heir
98 CE—117 CE
Trajan
Rome at peak of power, prestige. Parthian and Dacian campaigns
117 CE—138 CE
Hadrian
Retrenchment in Parthia, lack of foreign adventures, resentment of Italy and Senate and being “demoted”
138 CE—161 CE
Antoninus Pius
Rome at peak of power, wealth, peace
161 CE—180 CE
Marcus Aurelius Rules
162 CE—165 CE
War Against Parthia
Victories at Dura Europa, Ctesiphon
165 CE—180s CE
Plague Across Roman Lands
