Psychologists use many different methods for conducting research. Each method
has advantages and disadvantages that make it suitable for certain situations and
unsuitable for others.
Descriptive
or Correlational Research Methods
Case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, and laboratory
observation are examples of descriptive or correlational
research methods. Using these methods, researchers can describe different
events, experiences, or behaviors and look for links between them. However,
these methods do not enable researchers to determine causes of behavior.
Remember: correlation is not the same
as causation. Two factors may be related without one causing the other to occur. Often, a third factor explains the
correlation.
Example: A psychologist uses the survey method to study the
relationship between balding and length of marriage. He finds
that length of marriage correlates with baldness. However, he
can’t infer from this that being bald causes people to stay
married longer. Instead, a third factor explains the
correlation: both balding and long marriages are associated with
old age.
Measuring Correlation
A correlation coefficient measures the strength of the
relationship between two variables. A correlation coefficient is always a
number between –1 and +1. The sign (+ or –) of a correlation coefficient
indicates the nature of the relationship between the variables.
A positive correlation (+) means that as one variable
increases, the other does too.
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