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Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)
Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1925, the Head of State and Il Duce of Italy from 1925 to 1943, and Head of State and Il Duce of the Republic of Salò from 1943 to 1945. Gained power via appointment, then seized further control for himself. Initially removed from power by the Fascist Grand Council, then subsequently freed by Hitler and put in charge of the Salò Republic. Executed by resistance forces in 1945.
See in-depth description of Benito Mussolini.
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer of Germany from 1934 to 1945. Died by suicide in 1945 at the end of World War II.
See in-depth description of Adolf Hitler.
Francisco Franco Bahamonde (1892-1975)
Caudillo (Leader) of Spain from 1939 to 1975. Gained power through a military coup and died in office of natural causes.
See in-depth description of Francisco Franco.
Mobutu Sese Seko (1930-1997)
President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire, from 1965 to 1997. Gained power through a military coup and left power through exile.
Mohamed Siad Barre (1909-1995)
President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1991. Gained power through a military coup and left power through exile.
Muammar Gaddafi (1942-2011)
Brotherly Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011. Gained power via a military coup and was executed by rebels in 2011 during the Libyan Civil War.
See in-depth description of Muammar Gaddafi.
Idi Amin (1928-2003)
President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Gained power through a military coup and left power through exile.
Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006)
President of Chile from 1973 to 1990. Gained power through a military coup and left power through elections.
See in-depth description of Augusto Pinochet.
Saddam Hussein (1937-2006)
President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Gained power through a military coup, captured in 2003, and executed in 2006.
Silvio Berlusconi (1936-2023)
Prime Minister of Italy from May to December in 1994, from 2001 to 2006, and from 2008 to 2011. Lost power in 1994 due to corruption, was voted out in 2006, and was forced to resign in 2011.
See in-depth description of Silvio Berusconi.
Viktor Orbán (b. 1963)
Current Prime Minister of Hungary (as of February 2025). Elected from 1998 to 2002 and from 2010 to the present, and currently rules by decree (as of February 2025).
Vladimir Putin (b. 1952)
Current President of Russia (as of February 2025). Elected from 2000 to 2008 and from 2012 to the present.
See in-depth description of Vladimir Putin.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (b. 1954)
Current President of Turkey (as of February 2025). Elected in 2014. Also served as prime minister from 2003 to 2014 and again in 2018.
Narendra Modi (b. 1950)
Prime Minister of India (as of February 2025). Elected in 2014.
Rodrigo Duterte (b. 1945)
Elected President of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022.
Donald J. Trump (b. 1946)
Current President of the United States (as of February 2025). Elected from 2016 to 2020 and 2024 to the present.
See in-depth description of Donald Trump.
Jair Bolsonaro (b. 1955)
Elected President of Brazil from 2019 to 2023.
