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1846
Beginning of Europe’s last major food crisis and famine throughout the Continent
1848
Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto
February 24, 1848
Revolution in France; overthrow of the monarchy of King Louis-Philippe; proclamation of the creation of the French Second Republic
March 1848
Uprisings in some German states; granting of constitutional reforms in Prussia
March 1848-June 1849
Revolutions in Italy
April 1848
Revolutions in Vienna, Budapest, and Prague
May 1848
Frankfurt Assembly meets and proposes a plan for the unification of Germany; Prussian king refuses to take the crown
December 1848
Louis Napoleon wins presidential election in France
1853-1856
Crimean War
1859
Austria declares war on the Kingdom of Sardinia, allied with France
1859
Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection
1860
Sardinia annexes provinces in central Italy after plebiscites
France receives Savoy and Nice
March 3, 1861
Emancipation of Russian serfs
March 14, 1861
Kingdom of Italy proclaimed with King Victor Immanuel II as king
1861-1865
US Civil War
1863
Maximilian crowned emperor of Mexico
Prussia and Austria at war with Denmark over Schleiswig and Holstein.
1866
Seven Weeks’ War between Prussia and Austria
Italy acquires Venetia
1867
Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital
July 1870-January 1891
Franco-Prussian War ends with capitulation of French Second Empire
September 20, 1870
Italy annexes Rome
January 18, 1871
German Empire proclaimed
