payment page
Battle of Munda
Last Caesar-Pompeii era civil war battle. Caesar defeats Pompeii in 46 BCE.
Ides of March
Refers the middle of the month; the ides of March simple means March 15. Made famous because on March, 15 44 BCE, Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius. The Senators feared he was becoming a monarch, and killed Caesar to save the Republic.
Battle of Actium
Final Octavian-Marcus Antonius battle, 30 BCE. Mark Antony loses naval battel as his squadrons and Cleopatra abandon him.
Battle of Teutoburgian Forest
Site of Varrus's defeat and massacre of Roman legion by Germanic Barbarians in 7 CE. Only military disaster of Augustus's reign; ended his plans to conquer up to Elbe.
Piso's Conspiracy
Conspiracy of several senators and Roman elites to unseat Nero and install the senator Piso in 64-65. It failed and all conspirators were murdered, leading to new trials and terrors.
First Battle of Bedricum
Battle between Otho and Vitellus at Cremona in 69 CE. Backed only by the Praetorian Guard, Otho was outnumbered and defeated.
Second Battle of Bedricum
Battle between Antonius Primus and Vitellus at Cremona later in 69. Fighting on Vespasian's behalf, Primus defeated Vitellus when the latter's officers defected.
