Organic Chemistry: Enantiomers and Diastereomers: Diastereomers

Compounds with more than one Stereocenter

We have seen that enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Thus far we have only dealt with compounds that contain only a single stereogenic center. For these compounds, we can produce the enantiomer by changing the configuration at that stereocenter; that is, the enantiomers differ only in their spatial arrangements at the stereocenter.

Figure %: The enantiomer of a chiral molecule with a single stereocenter is produced by inverting the configuration at that stereocenter.

What happens when we consider molecules with more than one stereocenter? It turns out that the mirror image of such a molecule has all its stereocenters inverted. Hence the enantiomer of a such molecule has precisely the opposite configuration at every stereocenter. Every (R) configuration becomes (S), and vice versa.

Figure %: The enantiomer of a chiral molecule with multiple stereocenters is produced by inverting the configurations at *every* stereocenter.

The interesting case, however, occurs when only some of the stereocenters are inverted. Stereoisomers that differ at some stereocenters but not at others are not mirror images, so they are not enantiomers. Instead, they are diastereomers. A diastereomer is simply any stereoisomer that is not an enantiomer. Technically, cis-trans isomers are diastereomers. However, typically the term is reserved for stereoisomers that differ at some but not all stereocenters.

Figure %: Diastereomers formed by inverting some but not all stereocenters.

The following example should help clarify any lingering confusion about the stereochemical jargon that has been presented thus far in this chapter. Consider 2-bromo-3-chlorobutane, which has stereocenters at C₂ and C₃. In general, a molecule with n stereocenters has 2^n stereoisomers, so there are a total of four possibilities for 2-bromo-3-chlorobutane:

Figure %: Four possible stereoisomers of 2-bromo-3-chlorobutane

Each of the four stereoisomers of 2-bromo-3-chlorobutane is chiral. There are two pairs of enantiomers. Any given molecule has its enantiomer; the two other molecules are its diastereomers.