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Alfred Adler
A Jewish Viennese psychoanalyst, he was one of Freud's early supporters but split with Freud in 1911 over conflicts about the psychoanalytic movement. Adler was angered by Freud's increasing tendency to ignore the Viennese, and differed with Freud in his views on the importance of the sex drive. Adler went on to become a well-known psychologist who emphasized the importance of the themes of dominance and submission in mental illness and in human behavior more generally. He is responsible for the idea of the inferiority complex.
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Martha Bernays
Sigmund Freud's wife. Freud fell in love with Bernays in 1881 and, after she and her family moved to Hamburg in 1883, corresponded with her almost daily until their marriage in 1886.
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Minna Bernays
Martha Bernays' sister, she became Freud's sister-in-law when Freud and Martha Bernays married. Minna, who never married, lived with Martha and Freud for over thirty years. Carl Jung claimed in an interview after Freud's death that Freud and Minna had a long-running love affair; this claim has not been substantiated. It is known that Freud enjoyed Minna's company, that he talked about his work with her, (he did not talk about it with Martha), and that on at least on occasion they vacationed together without Martha.
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Marie Bonaparte
A princess of Greece and Denmark and a resident of Paris, Marie Bonaparte was one of Freud's most faithful analysands. She was instrumental in his escape from Austria in 1938.
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Ernst Brücke
Brücke was Freud's favorite mentor during his years at the University of Vienna. Under Brücke's direction, Freud did research on brain anatomy and histology. Brücke helped convince Freud to leave the field of neuroscience for private practice in neurology in 1882.
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W. C. Bullitt
The American Ambassador to France, in 1938 he helped Freud and his family obtain exit permits from Austria.
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Charles Darwin
Hugely influential author of The Origin of Species and other works on the theory of evolution.
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Max Eitington
A psychoanalyst and one of Freud's closest friends. A member of the "Committee," he became president of the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1926.
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Sandor Ferenczi
An early supporter of Freud, he remained loyal to the psychoanalytic cause until the 1930s, just before his death, when he split from Freud. Originally from Budapest, Ferenczi did much to support the growth of psychoanalysis in Hungary. He was a member of the "Committee" and president of the International Psychoanalytic Association after World War I.
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Alexander Freud
Sigmund Freud's younger brother and frequent traveling companion.
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Jakob Freud
Sigmund Freud's father; a wool merchant.
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Amalie Freud
Sigmund Freud's mother.
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Emmanuel Freud
One of Jakob Freud's sons by his first wife, he was Freud's older half-brother.
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Julius Freud
The second son of Amalie and Jakob Freud, he died within a year of his birth in 1857.
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Anna, Rosa, Dolfi, and Paula Freud
Freud's sisters.
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John Freud
Sigmund Freud's nephew. He was Freud's first childhood playmate.
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Wilhelm Fliess
A nose and throat specialist from Berlin, he was Freud's best friend and confidant during the 1890s. Fliess shared Freud's love for controversial speculation. For instance, he had a theory that connected the state of the nose to various sexual disorders. All of Freud's letters to Fliess have been saved, but Fliess's responses were all lost or destroyed by Freud himself. Freud was infatuated with Fliess, even noting a "homosexual" component in his affection for him, until their falling out in 1900–1901.
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Anna Freud
Daughter of Freud, Anna was his constant companion and nurse during the years of his cancer (1923–1939), and the only one of Freud's children to become a psychoanalyst. She is best known for her work on defense mechanisms such as repression, projection, sublimation, displacement, and reaction formation.
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Anton von Freund
A Hungarian analysand of Freud's. Grateful for having been cured of his neurosis, Freund donated a large sum of money to help found the Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, a psychoanalytic publishing house in Vienna. Unfortunately, high levels of postwar inflation soon rendered Freund's donation nearly worthless, forcing the Verlag into difficult financial straits.
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Carl G. Jung
A Swiss psychiatrist who was one of Freud's most avid followers in the 1900s, he broke with psychoanalysis in 1913 over conflicts with Freud about the importance of the sex drive in human behavior. From 1910 to 1912, Jung was president of the International Psychoanalytic Association and editor of the Association's Jahrbuch. Jung went on to become a well-known psychologist with strong mystical leanings. Jung was one of the first non-Jews to become interested in psychoanalysis.
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Theodor Meynert
A well-respected Viennese brain anatomist and psychiatrist for whom Freud worked in the 1880s at the Vienna General Hospital.
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Otto Rank
A member of the "Committee" and one of Freud's most faithful followers until the 1920s, Rank antagonized Freud by claiming that psychoanalytic treatment could be completed in 4–5 months, that acting out repressed childhood fantasies helped treatment, and that the trauma of birth–not the Oedipal crisis–was the root cause of neurosis. Without Rank's efforts, the psychoanalytic publishing house Verlag never would have survived its first five years (1919–1924).
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Hanns Sachs
A lawyer who was one of Freud's early supporters and a member of the "Committee." He later became a psychoanalyst.
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Max Schur
Freud's physician in the 1920s and 1930s. On September 21, 1939, he fulfilled Freud's request to inject Freud with morphine. The morphine hastened and eased Freud's death two days later. Schur later became a psychoanalyst.
